The Era of Mahmud II: The Early Steps of Ottoman Modernization
burakkay Mahmud II (1785–1839), the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, ruled during a transformative period when the empire…
Osman Hamdi Bey: A Visionary of Ottoman Art and Culture
Osman Hamdi Bey (1842–1910) was a pioneering figure in the fields of art, archaeology, and museology during the…